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Peter I of Aragon and Navarre
Peter I (1068/9 – 27x29 September 1104) was the King of Aragon and Navarre for a decade from 1094 until his death. He was the son and successor of Sancho V Ramírez by his first wife, Isabella of Urgell. He was named in honour of Saint Peter, because of his father's special devotion to the Holy See, to which he had made his kingdom a vassal. Peter continued his father's close alliance with the Church and pursued the ''Reconquista'' with even greater success,〔Bernard F. Reilly (1988), (''The Kingdom of León-Castilla under King Alfonso VI, 1065–1109'' ) (Princeton: Princeton University Press), 304, notes of Peter's ecclesiastical and military policy that he "envisioned no retreat."〕 allying with Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar, known as ''El Cid'', the ruler of Valencia, against the Almoravids.〔Bisson, 15, and Henry John Chaytor (1933), (''A History of Aragon and Catalonia'' ) (London: Methuan Publishing), 47–48.〕 According to the medieval ''Annales Compostellani'' Peter was ''in bellis expertus et audax in principio'' ("expert in war and daring in initiative"), and one modern historian has remarked that "his grasp of the possibilities inherent in the age seems to have been faultless."〔Reilly, 304 and n. 1. Despite this, no comprehensive study of his reign has been published and he is usually overshadowed by his brother and successor Alfonso the Battler.〕
==Sub-king in Sobrarbe and the succession to Aragon==
The ''Crónica de San Juan de la Peña'', a rather late source for Peter's reign, states that Peter was 35 years of age when he died, which places his birth in 1068 or 1069.〔Chapter XVIII of the ''Crónica'' is devoted exclusively to Peter's reign: (De rege Petro et suis gestis, et de captione ciuitatis Oscensis ) ("On King Peter and his deeds, and of the capture of the city of Huesca"). The ''Crónica'' errs in making Peter a son of his father's second wife, Felicia of Roucy.〕 As a child Peter was placed in the line of succession to the County of Urgell by the first testament of his uncle Count Ermengol IV, after Ermengol's own son and brothers. He was not destined to inherit it. In 1085, two years after his father had conquered Graus (28 April 1083), Peter was entrusted with Sobrarbe and Ribagorza as a subkingdom with its capital at Graus, which he thenceforth ruled more or less independently with the title of king (Latin ''rex'').〔Ángel J. Martín Duque (2002), ("Graus: un señorío feudal aragonés en el siglo XII," ) ''Príncipe de Viana'', 63(227):613, nn. 9–11. Originally published in ''Hispania'', 18 (1958), pp. 159–80.〕 On 28 October 1087 Peter joined his father in Pamplona in Navarre, where the two monarchs confirmed the rights of the bishops in the city. He pursued the ''Reconquista'' with vigour in the southeast of the realm. In 1087 he may have been present at the unsuccessful siege of Tudela. Later that year he conquered Estada, in 1088 Montearagón, and on 24 June 1089 Monzón. These conquests opened up the valley of the Cinca, which he proceeded to conquer as far as Almenar, taken in 1093.〔Thomas N. Bisson (2000), ''The Medieval Crown of Aragon: A Short History'' (Oxford: Clarendon Press), 15.〕
Peter succeeded to the whole of his father's kingdom only on the latter's death while besieging Huesca in 1094.〔Peter adopted his father's title, ''Aragonensium et Pampilonensium rex'' (Aragonese and Pamplonese king), though his father had preferred to name the Pamplonese (Navarrese) kingdom first. Peter also sometimes used the patronymic ''Sánchez'' (or ''Sangiz'' in contemporary Latinisations), as in a document by which he gave some property in Arguiñáriz to a lord Diego Álvarez (''Didaco Albarez'') in December 1099.〕 Peter raised the siege, only to return to it within the year. After 1094 his objectives shifted westwards, towards the valley of the Gallega. In 1095 Peter renewed his father's oaths to Urban II, and Urban renewed his promise of protection, under which Sancho, his sons, and his kingdom had been placed in July 1089. On 16 March 1095 the pope even issued a bull, ''Cum universis sancte'', granting the king and queen of Aragon immunity from excommunication without the permission of the pope.〔Smith, 135.〕 That same year, while he was besieging Huesca, Peter defeated the relief forces of the Taifa of Zaragoza at the Battle of Alcoraz.〔Antonio Ubieto Arteta (1951), ("Una narración de la batalla de Alcoraz atribuida al abad pinatense Aimerico," ) ''Argensola: Revista de Ciencias Sociales del Instituto de Estudios Altoaragoneses'', 7:245–56.〕 Peter later rewarded a certain Sancho Crispo for his contribution of three hundred knights and infantry at Alcoraz.〔James F. Powers (1987), (''A Society Organized for War: The Iberian Municipal Militias in the Central Middle Ages, 1000–1284'' ) (Berkeley: University of California Press), 23–24. The original source has ''milites et pedones'', literall "men-at-arms and foot soldiers".〕 He went on to take Huesca on 27 November of that same year.
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